Of the 16 substances—Ghana, Vālaka, Śaileyaka, Karpūra , Uśīra, Nāgapuṣpa, Vyāghranakha, Spṛkka, Agaru , Madanaka, Nakha. Tagara, Dhānya , Karcūra, Cola and Sandal, any four mixed in the proportion of 1, 2, 3, and 4 parts will form a perfume. As the number of four substances out of 16 is large and as each of the four substances may be mixed from 1 to 4 parts, the number of mixtures will be very large. The process is known as Gandhārṇava—ocean of perfumes.