Cars, elephants, horse, and infantry, O son of Pandu, forced labourers, crew, and paid attendants (of armies), and guides taken from the country which is the seat of war, these are the eight means, O Kauravya, of open punishment. The administration of movable and immovable poison was also mentioned regarding the three kinds, of things, viz., dress, food, and incantation. Enemies, allies, and neutrals,—these also were described.