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Sanatan Dharma

सनातन धर्म — Hindu Scripture Knowledge Base

Bhagavad Gita Bhashya (Sri Madhvacharya) 8.4

Bhagavad Gita Bhashya (Sri Madhvacharya) 8.4 · 8 · Verse 4

dvaitamadhvacharyabhagavad-gitacommentaryvedanta

Sanskrit Original

।।8.4।।भूतानि सशरीरान् जीवानधिकृत्य यत्तदधिभूतम्। क्षरो भावो विनाशिकार्यपदार्थः। अव्यक्तान्तर्भावेऽपि तस्याप्यन्यथाभावाख्यो विनाशोऽस्त्येव। तच्चोक्तम् -- अव्यक्तं परमे व्योम्नि निष्क्रिये सम्प्रलीयते इति।तस्मादव्यक्तमुत्पन्नं त्रिगुणं द्विजसत्तम इति च।विकारोऽव्यक्तजन्म हि इति च स्कान्दे। पुरि शयनात्पुरुषो जीवः स च सङ्कर्षणो ब्रह्मा वा। स सर्वदेवानधिकृत्य तत्पतिरित्यधिदैवतम् देवाधिकारस्थ इति वा।सर्वयज्ञभोक्तृत्वादेरधियज्ञः। अन्योऽधियज्ञोऽग्न्यादिः प्रसिद्ध इति देह इति विशेषणम्।भोक्तारं यज्ञतपसां [5।29]।त्रैविद्या मां [9।20]।ये त्वन्यदेवताभक्ताः। [9।23] एतस्य वा अक्षरस्य प्रशासने ৷৷. गार्गि ददतो मनुष्याः प्रशंसन्ति यजमानं देवाः [बृ.उ.3।8।9] इत्यादेः।कुतो ह्यस्य ध्रुवः स्वर्गः कुतो नैश्श्रेयसं पदम् [मं.भा.12।334।2] इत्यादिपरिहारश्च मोक्षधर्मे। भगवांश्चेत्तद्भोक्तृत्वादेरधियज्ञत्वं सिद्धमिति कथमित्यस्य परिहारः पृथङ्नोक्तः। सर्वप्राणिदेहस्थरूपेण साधियज्ञः।अत्रेति स्वदेहनिवृत्त्यर्थम्। न हि तत्रेश्वरस्य नियन्तृत्वं पृथगस्ति। नात्रोक्तं ब्रह्म भगवतोऽन्यत्।ते ब्रह्म [7।29] इत्युक्त्वासाधिभूताधिदैवं मां साधियज्ञं च ये विदुः [7।30] इति परामर्शात् तस्यैव च प्रश्नात्।साधियज्ञं इति भेदप्रतीतेस्तन्निवृत्त्यर्थंअधियज्ञोऽहं इत्युक्तम्। मामित्यभेदप्रसिद्धेरक्षरमित्येवोक्तम्। आह च गीताकल्पे -- देहस्थविष्णुरूपाणि अधियज्ञ इतीरितः। कर्मेश्वरस्य सृष्ट्यर्थं तच्चापीच्छाद्यमुच्यते। अधिभूतं जडं प्रोक्तमध्यात्मं जीव उच्यते। हिरण्यगर्भोऽधिदैवं देवः सङ्कर्षणोऽपि वा। ब्रह्म नारायणो देवः सर्वदेवेश्वरेश्वरः इति।यथा प्रतीतं वा सर्वमत्र नैव विरुध्यते इति। स्कान्दे च -- आत्माभिमानाधिकारस्थितमध्यात्ममुच्यते। देहाद्बाह्यं विनाऽतीव बाह्यत्वादधिदैवतम्। देवाधिकारगं सर्वं महाभूताधिकारगम्। तत्कारणं तथा कार्यमधिभूतं तदन्तिकात् इति। महाकौर्मे च -- अध्यात्मं देहपर्यन्तं केवलात्मोपकारकम्। सदेहजीवभूतानि यत्तेषामुपकारकृत्। अधिभूतं तु मायान्तं देवानामधिदैवतम् इति।

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Bhutani sashariran — that which is adhibhuta is the corporeal world, consisting of embodied beings and the claim of jivas over bodies. Kshara bhava is the destructible principle, the entity liable to dissolution. Even in the unmanifest (avyakta) there is a notion of destruction as change; thus it is said "avyaktam parame vyomni niskriye sampraliyate". Hence "avyaktam utpannam triguNam dvijasattama". "Vikara is avyakta-jana" (i.e., change arises from the unmanifest). Skanda commentary: the purusha who sleeps in the city — that is the jiva; sankarshana or Brahma may be named. He, being presiding over all gods, is called adhidaivatam (the presiding deity) or devadhikarastha. Because he enjoys all sacrifices he is adhiyajnah. "Deha" is here a specification (e.g., the recognized body). He is the enjoyer of sacrifices and austerities; "trividya mam" and related passages indicate this. The verses about Gargi praising the sacrificer (Brihadaranyaka) and other texts are cited regarding whether his sphere is certain heaven or the highest welfare — these are addressed in the doctrine of moksha. If Bhagavan's enjoyment establishes adhiyajnatva, how can that contradict moksha? The answer is given separately. The adhiyajna is to be attained in the form of the body of all living beings. Here the phrase indicates renunciation of one’s own body; there is not a separate control of Ishvara there. Brahman is not other than Bhagavan. The guidance in chapter 7 ("te brahma..." and "ye viduh...") shows the distinction of adhidharmas: adhiyajna was mentioned to indicate renunciation. Because of the established distinction of "mama" and the imperishable (akshara), the text speaks accordingly. In the Gitakalpa it is stated that Vishnu in the body is adhiyajna. The role of the lord of works (karmeshvara) in creation is also called. Adhibhuta denotes the insentient; adhyatma denotes the jiva. Hiranyagarbha is adhidaivam — a devata; sankarshana may be likewise. Brahma, Narayana, and other devatas are referred to as supreme among gods. As thus understood, there is no contradiction. In Skanda: adhyatma is that which rests in self-regard and authority. Deha (external to the self) by being very external is adhibhauta; adhidaivam is that which is governed by the authority of the devas; all of that belongs to the authority of the great elements. Thus adhibhuta is nearest to what is to be acted upon; adhidaivam is consequent upon that. In Mahakarma commentary: adhyatma pertains to the body up to its limits and is only for the benefit of the true self. The sentient beings that are of the body assist that self; adhibhuta is maya-subtle and adhidaivam pertains to the gods.