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Sanatan Dharma

सनातन धर्म — Hindu Scripture Knowledge Base

Vedanga Jyotisha

वेदाङ्गज्योतिषम्

Earliest Indian astronomical text for Vedic ritual timing.

Shlokas (36)

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 1

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 1

पञ्चसंवत्सरमयं युगाध्यक्षं प्रजापतिम। दिनर्त्वयनम आसाङ्गं प्रणम्य शिरसा शुचिः।।

pañcasaṃvatsaramayaṃ yugādhyakṣaṃ prajāpatim| dinartvayanam āsāṅgaṃ praṇamya śirasā śuciḥ||

A pure-minded student bows to Prajapati, lord of the five-year yuga, together with the limbs of time: day, season, solstitial course, and month.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 2

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 2

प्रणम्य शिरसा कालम अभिवाद्य सरस्वतीम। कालज्ञानं प्रवक्ष्यामि लगधस्य महात्मनः।।

praṇamya śirasā kālam abhivādya sarasvatīm| kālajñānaṃ pravakṣyāmi lagadhasya mahātmanaḥ||

After bowing to Time and to Sarasvati, the speaker declares that he will explain the science of time taught by the great Lagadha.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 3

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 3

ज्योतिषाम अयनं कृत्स्नं प्रवक्ष्याम्य अनुपूर्वशः। विप्राणां सम्मतं लोके यज्ञकालार्थसिद्धये।।

jyotiṣām ayanaṃ kṛtsnaṃ pravakṣyāmy anupūrvaśaḥ| viprāṇāṃ sammataṃ loke yajñakālārthasiddhaye||

The complete course of jyotisha is explained in sequence for the practical purpose of determining the proper time for sacrifice.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 4

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 4

निरेकं द्वादशार्धाब्दं द्विगुणं गतसंज्ञिकम। षष्ट्या षष्ट्या युतं द्वाभ्यां पर्वणां राशिर उच्यते।।

nirekaṃ dvādaśārdhābdaṃ dviguṇaṃ gatasaṃjñikam| ṣaṣṭyā ṣaṣṭyā yutaṃ dvābhyāṃ parvaṇāṃ rāśir ucyate||

A numerical rule is given for reckoning the aggregate count of parvans within the calendrical cycle.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 5

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 5

स्वर आक्रमेते सोमार्कौ यदा साकं सवासवौ। स्यात तदादि युगं माघस्तपः शुक्लो ऽयनं ह्य उदक।।

svar ākramete somārkau yadā sākaṃ savāsavau| syāt tadādi yugaṃ māghastapaḥ śuklo 'yanaṃ hy udak||

The yuga begins when the Sun and Moon meet together at the start of the bright half of Magha, with the northern course underway.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 6

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 6

प्रपद्येते श्रविष्ठादौ सूर्याचन्द्रमसाव उदक। सार्पार्धे दक्षिणार्कस तु माघश्रावणयोः सदा।।

prapadyete śraviṣṭhādau sūryācandramasāv udak| sārpārdhe dakṣiṇārkas tu māghaśrāvaṇayoḥ sadā||

The text describes the relation of the Sun and Moon to Shravishtha and the southern and northern courses across Magha and Shravana.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 7

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 7

घर्मवृद्धिर अपां प्रस्थः क्षपाह्रास उदग्गतौ। दक्षिणे तौ विपर्यासः षण्मुहूर्त्ययनेन तु।।

gharmavṛddhir apāṃ prasthaḥ kṣapāhrāsa udaggatau| dakṣiṇe tau viparyāsaḥ ṣaṇmuhūrtyayanena tu||

During the northern course heat increases, water diminishes, and nights shorten; during the southern course the pattern reverses.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 8

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 8

द्विगुणं सप्तमं चाहुर अयनाद्यं त्रयोदशम। चतुर्थं दशमं च द्विर्युग्माद्यं बहुले ऽप्य ऋतौ।।

dviguṇaṃ saptamaṃ cāhur ayanādyaṃ trayodaśam| caturthaṃ daśamaṃ ca dviryugmādyaṃ bahule 'py ṛtau||

A computational rule is given for determining seasonal and solstitial divisions from paired and alternating counts.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 9

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 9

वसुस त्वष्टा भवो ऽजश च मित्रः सर्पाश्विनौ जलम। धाता कश चायनाद्याश चार्थपञ्चमभस त्व ऋतुः।।

vasus tvaṣṭā bhavo 'jaś ca mitraḥ sarpāśvinau jalam| dhātā kaś cāyanādyāś cārthapañcamabhas tv ṛtuḥ||

A sequence of presiding deities is assigned to the seasonal divisions used in the calendrical reckoning.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 10

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 10

भांशाः स्युर अष्टकाः कार्याः पक्षद्वादशकोद्गताः। एकादशगुणश चोनः शुक्ले ऽर्धं चैन्दवा यदि।।

bhāṃśāḥ syur aṣṭakāḥ kāryāḥ pakṣadvādaśakodgatāḥ| ekādaśaguṇaś conaḥ śukle 'rdhaṃ caindavā yadi||

The verse gives a rule for dividing and counting bhamshas in relation to fortnights and lunar movement.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 11

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 11

कार्या भांशाष्टकस्थाने कला एकान्नविंशतिः। ऊनस्थाने त्रिसप्ततिम उद्वपेद ऊनसंमिताः।।

kāryā bhāṃśāṣṭakasthāne kalā ekānnaviṃśatiḥ| ūnasthāne trisaptatim udvaped ūnasaṃmitāḥ||

Another numerical procedure is given for replacing one set of units with kalas when the count falls short.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 12

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 12

त्र्यंशो भशेषो दिवसांशभागश चतुर्दशश चाप्य अनीय भिन्नम। भार्धे ऽधिके चापि गते परो ऽंशो द्वाव उत्तमैकं प्नवकैरवेद्यम।।

tryaṃśo bhaśeṣo divasāṃśabhāgaś caturdaśaś cāpy anīya bhinnam| bhārdhe 'dhike cāpi gate paro 'ṃśo dvāv uttamaikaṃ pnavakairavedyam||

A more refined computational rule is stated for fractional day-portions and their adjustment in calendrical reckoning.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 13

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 13

पक्षात पञ्चदशाच चोर्ध्वं तद्भुक्तम इति निर्दिशेत। नवभिस तूद्गतो ऽंशः स्याद ऊनांशद्व्यधिकेन तु।।

pakṣāt pañcadaśāc cordhvaṃ tadbhuktam iti nirdiśet| navabhis tūdgato 'ṃśaḥ syād ūnāṃśadvyadhikena tu||

After fifteen tithis of a fortnight, the elapsed portion is computed by a further numerical adjustment.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 14

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 14

जौ द्रा घः खे श्वे ऽही रो षा चिन मू ष ण्यः सू मा धा णः। रे मृ घ्राः स्वा ऽपो ऽजः कृ ष्यो ह ज्ये ष्ठा इत्तृक्षा लिङ्गैः।।

jau drā ghaḥ khe śve 'hī ro ṣā cin mū ṣa ṇyaḥ sū mā dhā ṇaḥ| re mṛ ghrāḥ svā 'po 'jaḥ kṛ ṣyo ha jye ṣṭhā ittṛkṣā liṅgaiḥ||

Mnemonic syllables are given as markers for the nakshatras.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 15

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 15

जावाद्यंशैः समं विद्यात पूर्वार्धे पर्वसूत्तरे। भादानं स्यात चतुर्दश्यां काष्ठानां देविना कलाः।।

jāvādyaṃśaiḥ samaṃ vidyāt pūrvārdhe parvasūttare| bhādānaṃ syāt caturdaśyāṃ kāṣṭhānāṃ devinā kalāḥ||

A rule is given for determining equal divisions in the earlier and later halves of the parvan sequence.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 16

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 16

कला दश सविंशा स्यात द्वे मुहूर्तस्य नाडिके। द्युत्रिंशत तत्कलानां तु षट्छती त्र्यधिकं भवेत।।

kalā daśa saviṃśā syāt dve muhūrtasya nāḍike| dyutriṃśat tatkalānāṃ tu ṣaṭchatī tryadhikaṃ bhavet||

The text defines kala, muhūrta, and nāḍikā, and states their proportional relationships.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 17

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 17

नाडिके द्वे मुहूर्तस तु पञ्चाशत्पलम आढकम। आढकात कुम्भको द्रोणः कुटपैर वर्धते त्रिभिः।।

nāḍike dve muhūrtas tu pañcāśatpalam āḍhakam| āḍhakāt kumbhako droṇaḥ kuṭapair vardhate tribhiḥ||

The units nāḍikā, pala, āḍhaka, droṇa, and kuṭapa are related to one another for practical time measurement.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 18

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 18

ससप्तकं भयुक सोमः सूर्यो द्यूनि त्रयोदश। नवभानि च पञ्चाह्नः काष्ठाः पञ्चाक्षराः स्मृताः।।

sasaptakaṃ bhayuk somaḥ sūryo dyūni trayodaśa| navabhāni ca pañcāhnaḥ kāṣṭhāḥ pañcākṣarāḥ smṛtāḥ||

A numerical relation between the Moon, Sun, days, and syllabic counts is stated for calendrical computation.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 19

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 19

श्रविष्ठायां गणाभ्यस्तान प्राग्विलग्नान विनिर्दिशेत। स्तर्यान मासान षडभ्यस्तान विद्याच चान्द्रमसान ऋतुन।।

śraviṣṭhāyāṃ gaṇābhyastān prāgvilagnān vinirdiśet| staryān māsān ṣaḍabhyastān vidyāc cāndramasān ṛtun||

Starting from Shravishtha, one should reckon the grouped counts and thereby determine solar months, lunar months, and seasons.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 20

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 20

अतीतपर्वभागेभ्यः शोधयेद द्विगुणां तिथिम। तेषु मण्डलभागेषु तिथिनिष्ठांगतो रविः।।

atītaparvabhāgebhyaḥ śodhayed dviguṇāṃ tithim| teṣu maṇḍalabhāgeṣu tithiniṣṭhāṃgato raviḥ||

The tithi is to be computed from the elapsed portions of parvans after applying the prescribed doubling rule.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 21

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 21

याः पर्वभादानकलास तासु सप्तगुणां तिथिम। प्रक्षिपेत तत्समूहस तु विद्याद आदानिकीः कलाः।।

yāḥ parvabhādānakalās tāsu saptaguṇāṃ tithim| prakṣipet tatsamūhas tu vidyād ādānikīḥ kalāḥ||

A further rule explains how additive kalas are derived from the parvan portions in order to refine tithi calculation.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 22

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 22

यद उत्तरस्यायनतो गतं स्याच छेषं तु यद दक्षिणतो ऽयनस्य। तद एकषष्ट्या द्विगुणं विभक्तं सद्वादशं स्याद दिवसप्रमाणम।।

yad uttarasyāyanato gataṃ syāc cheṣaṃ tu yad dakṣiṇato 'yanasya| tad ekaṣaṣṭyā dviguṇaṃ vibhaktaṃ sadvādaśaṃ syād divasapramāṇam||

Day length is to be derived from the remaining portion of the ayana by doubling and dividing according to the rule.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 23

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 23

यद अर्धं दिनभागानां सदा पर्वणि पर्वणि। ऋतुशेषं तु तद विद्यात संख्याय सहपर्वणाम।।

yad ardhaṃ dinabhāgānāṃ sadā parvaṇi parvaṇi| ṛtuśeṣaṃ tu tad vidyāt saṃkhyāya sahaparvaṇām||

The remaining part of a season is known by counting the half-day portions that recur from parvan to parvan.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 24

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 24

इत्य उपायसमुद्देशो भूयो ऽप्य अह्नः प्रकल्पयेत। ज्ञेयराशिगताभ्यस्तं विभजेत ज्ञानराशिना।।

ity upāyasamuddeśo bhūyo 'py ahnaḥ prakalpayet| jñeyarāśigatābhyastaṃ vibhajet jñānarāśinā||

This is said to be the method; the duration of the day is further calculated by division against the known reckoning.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 25

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 25

अग्निः प्रजापतिः सोमो रुद्रो ऽदितिर बृहस्पतिः। सर्पाश च पितरश चैव भगश चैवार्यमापि च।।

agniḥ prajāpatiḥ somo rudro 'ditir bṛhaspatiḥ| sarpāś ca pitaraś caiva bhagaś caivāryamāpi ca||

The first group of nakshatra deities is listed, beginning with Agni, Prajapati, Soma, Rudra, Aditi, and Brihaspati.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 26

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 26

सविता त्वष्टाथ वायुश चेन्द्राग्नी मित्र एव च। इन्द्रो निऋर्तिर आपो वै विश्वेदेवास तथैव च।।

savitā tvaṣṭātha vāyuś cendrāgnī mitra eva ca| indro niṛrtir āpo vai viśvedevās tathaiva ca||

The second group of nakshatra deities is listed, including Savita, Tvashtri, Vayu, Indragni, and Mitra.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 27

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 27

विष्नुर वसवो वरुणो ऽज एकपात तथैव च। अहिर्बुध्न्यस तथा पूषा अश्विनौ यम एव च।।

viṣnur vasavo varuṇo 'ja ekapāt tathaiva ca| ahirbudhnyas tathā pūṣā aśvinau yama eva ca||

The final group of nakshatra deities is listed, including Vishnu, the Vasus, Varuna, Aja Ekapad, Ahirbudhnya, Pushan, the Ashvins, and Yama.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 28

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 28

नक्षत्रदेवता एता एताभिर यज्ञकर्मणि। यजमानस्य शास्त्रज्ञैर नाम नक्षत्रजं स्मृतम।।

nakṣatradevatā etā etābhir yajñakarmaṇi| yajamānasya śāstrajñair nāma nakṣatrajaṃ smṛtam||

These nakshatra deities are to be applied in sacrificial work, and learned ritualists use them in naming the star under which a rite is performed.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 29

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 29

इत्य एवं मासवर्षाणां मुहूर्तोदयपर्वणाम। दिनर्त्वयनम आसाङ्गं व्याख्यानं लगधो ऽब्रवीत।।

ity evaṃ māsavarṣāṇāṃ muhūrtodayaparvaṇām| dinartvayanam āsāṅgaṃ vyākhyānaṃ lagadho 'bravīt||

Thus Lagadha explains the system of months, years, muhūrtas, parvans, days, seasons, solstitial halves, and months with their limbs.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 30

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 30

सोमसूर्यस्तृचरितं लोकं लोके च सम्मतिम। सोमसूर्यस्तृचरितं विद्वान वेदविद अश्नुते।।

somasūryastṛcaritaṃ lokaṃ loke ca sammatim| somasūryastṛcaritaṃ vidvān vedavid aśnute||

One who knows the courses of the Sun and Moon, accepted in the world, gains both worldly esteem and the fruit of Vedic knowledge.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 31

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 31

विषुवं तद्गुणं द्वाभ्यां रूपहीनं तु षड्गुणम। यल लब्धं तानि पर्वाणि तथार्धं सा तिथिर भवेत।।

viṣuvaṃ tadguṇaṃ dvābhyāṃ rūpahīnaṃ tu ṣaḍguṇam| yal labdhaṃ tāni parvāṇi tathārdhaṃ sā tithir bhavet||

A numerical rule is given for deriving parvans and tithis from the visuva value and related measures.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 32

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 32

माघशुक्लप्रवृत्तस्य पौषकृष्नसमापिनः। युगस्य पञ्चवर्षस्य कालज्ञानं प्रचक्षते।।

māghaśuklapravṛttasya pauṣakṛṣnasamāpinaḥ| yugasya pañcavarṣasya kālajñānaṃ pracakṣate||

This is the reckoning of time for the five-year yuga, beginning in the bright fortnight of Magha and ending in the dark fortnight of Pausha.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 33

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 33

तृतीयां नवमीं चैव पौर्णमासीम अथासिते। षष्ठीं च विषुवान प्रोक्तो द्वादशीं च समं भवेत।।

tṛtīyāṃ navamīṃ caiva paurṇamāsīm athāsite| ṣaṣṭhīṃ ca viṣuvān prokto dvādaśīṃ ca samaṃ bhavet||

Specific tithis such as the third, ninth, full moon, sixth, and twelfth are identified for key equinoctial and balancing calculations.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 34

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 34

चतुर्दशीम उपवसथस तथा भवेद यथोदितो दिनम उपैति चन्द्रमाः। माघशुक्लाह्निको युङ्क्ते श्रविष्ठायां च वार्षिकीम।।

caturdaśīm upavasathas tathā bhaved yathodito dinam upaiti candramāḥ| māghaśuklāhniko yuṅkte śraviṣṭhāyāṃ ca vārṣikīm||

The upavasatha observance and the annual alignment with the Moon and with Shravishtha are to be fixed according to the stated rule.

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Vedanga Jyotisha Verse 35

Vedanga Jyotisha (Rigveda recension, GRETIL) · Chapter 1 · Verse 35

यथा शिखा मयूराणां नागानां मणयो यथा। तद्वद वेदाङ्गशास्त्राणां ज्योतिषं मूर्धनि स्थितम।।

yathā śikhā mayūrāṇāṃ nāgānāṃ maṇayo yathā| tadvad vedāṅgaśāstrāṇāṃ jyotiṣaṃ mūrdhani sthitam||

As the crest is on peacocks and the jewel on serpents, so jyotisha stands at the head of the Vedanga sciences.

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Jyotisha is the Eye of the Vedas

Vedanga Jyotisha · Verse 3

वेदा हि यज्ञार्थमभिप्रवृत्ताः कालानुपूर्व्या विहिताश्च यज्ञाः । तस्मादिदं कालविधानशास्त्रं यो ज्योतिषं वेद स वेद यज्ञान् ॥

vedā hi yajñārtham abhipravṛttāḥ kālānupūrvyā vihitāś ca yajñāḥ | tasmād idaṃ kāla-vidhāna-śāstraṃ yo jyotiṣaṃ veda sa veda yajñān ||

The Vedas proceed for the purpose of sacrifices, and the sacrifices are ordained in proper sequence of time. Therefore this scripture of time-regulation — one who knows Jyotisha knows the Vedic sacrifices.

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