Book 3 Chapter 1 - Of the Marks of Inference
Chapter 1 of Book 3 in the Vaisheshika Sutras from Wisdom Library.
External Reference →Shlokas (19)
+ Add ShlokaSūtra 3.1.1 (Objects of the senses)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.1
प्रसिद्धा इन्द्रियार्थाः ॥ ३.१.१ ॥
prasiddhā indriyārthāḥ || 3.1.1 ||
The objects of the senses are universally known.
Sūtra 3.1.2 (Mark of supersensuous object)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.2
इन्द्रियार्थाप्रसिद्धिरिन्द्रियार्थेभ्योर्ऽथान्तरस्य हेतुः ॥ ३.१.२ ॥
indriyārthāprasiddhirindriyārthebhyor'thāntarasya hetuḥ || 3.1.2 ||
The universal experience of the objects of the senses is the mark of (the existence of) object different from she senses and their objects.
Sūtra 3.1.3 (The body or the senses are not the seat of perception)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.3
सो ऽनपदेशः ॥ ३.१.३ ॥
so 'napadeśaḥ || 3.1.3 ||
Perception (as a mark inferring the body or the senses as 'its substratum) (is) a false mark.—119.
Sūtra 3.1.4 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.4
कारणाज्ञानात् ॥ ३.१.४ ॥
kāraṇājñānāt || 3.1.4 ||
(The body or the senses cannot be the seat of perception), because there is no consciousness in the causes ( i.e ., the component parts, of the body).
Sūtra 3.1.5 (The body or the senses are not the seat of perception, continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.5
कार्येषु ज्ञानात् ॥ ३.१.५ ॥
kāryeṣu jñānāt || 3.1.5 ||
Because (there would be) consciousness in the effects.
Sūtra 3.1.6 (The body or the senses are not the seat of perception, continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.6
अज्ञानाच्च ॥ ३.१.६ ॥
ajñānācca || 3.1.6 ||
And because it is not known (that any minute degree of consciousness exists in the water-pot, etc).
Sūtra 3.1.7 (Fallacious mark)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.7
अन्यदेव हेतुरित्यनपदेशः ॥ ३.१.७ ॥
anyadeva heturityanapadeśaḥ || 3.1.7 ||
A mark is certainly something else (than that of which it is a mark). Hence (a mark, which is identical with the thing of which it is a mark, is) no mark (at all.)—123.
Sūtra 3.1.8 (Faltacious mark—continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.8
अर्थान्तरं ह्यर्थान्तरस्यानपदेशः ॥ ३.१.८ ॥
arthāntaraṃ hyarthāntarasyānapadeśaḥ || 3.1.8 ||
(Although a mark is quite different from that of which it is a mark, still they are not wholly unconnected), for, any one thing cannot be a mark of any other thing.
Sūtra 3.1.9 (Marks of inference)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.9
संयोगि समवाय्येकार्थसमवायि विरोधि च ॥ ३.१.९ ॥
saṃyogi samavāyyekārthasamavāyi virodhi ca || 3.1.9 ||
The conjunct, the combined, the con-combined, and the contradictory also (are marks of inference).
Sūtra 3.1.10 (Marks of inference—continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.10
कार्यं कार्यान्तरस्य ॥ ३.१.१० ॥
kāryaṃ kāryāntarasya || 3.1.10 ||
One effect (may be the mark of inference) of another effect.
Sūtra 3.1.11 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.11
विरोध्यभूतं भूतस्य ॥ ३.१.११ ॥
virodhyabhūtaṃ bhūtasya || 3.1.11 ||
The opposite, i.e ., the non-existent (is a mark) of the existent.
Sūtra 3.1.12 (Marks of inference—continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.12
भूतमभूतस्य ॥ ३.१.१२ ॥
bhūtamabhūtasya || 3.1.12 ||
That which has taken place —(is a mark) of that which has not taken place;—128.
Sūtra 3.1.13 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.13
भूतो भूतस्य ॥ ३.१.१३ ॥
bhūto bhūtasya || 3.1.13 ||
—That which has taken place, (is a mark) of that which has taken place.
Sūtra 3.1.14 (Marks of inference—continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.14
प्रसिद्धिपूर्वकत्वादपदेशस्य ॥ ३.१.१४ ॥
prasiddhipūrvakatvādapadeśasya || 3.1.14 ||
(These are valid marks), because the characteristic of an inferential mark is that it is preceded by (the recollection of the) universal relation (of itself and of that of which it is a mark).
Sūtra 3.1.15 (Enumeration of fallacies)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.15
अप्रसिद्धो ऽनपदेशो ऽसन् सन्दिग्धश्चानपदेशः ॥ ३.१.१५ ॥
aprasiddho 'napadeśo 'san sandigdhaścānapadeśaḥ || 3.1.15 ||
The unproved is a false mark; the non-existent and the dubious also are false marks.
Sūtra 3.1.16 (Fallacy illustrated)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.16
यस्माद्विषाणी तस्मादश्वः ॥ ३.१.१६ ॥
yasmādviṣāṇī tasmādaśvaḥ || 3.1.16 ||
Because (it) has horns, therefore (it is) a horse.
Sūtra 3.1.17 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.17
यस्माद्विषाणी तस्माद्गौरितिचानैकान्तिकस्योदाहरणम् ॥ ३.१.१७ ॥
yasmādviṣāṇī tasmādgauriticānaikāntikasyodāharaṇam || 3.1.17 ||
Anaikāntikasya, of a not-one-pointed or many-sided mark. Udāharaṇam, an example.
Sūtra 3.1.18 (Mark of Inference of Soul)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.18
आत्मेन्द्रियार्थसन्निकर्षाद्यन्निष्पद्यते तदन्यत् ॥ ३.१.१८ ॥
ātmendriyārthasannikarṣādyanniṣpadyate tadanyat || 3.1.18 ||
That ( i.e ., knowledge) which is produced from the contact of the soul, the sense, and the object, is other (than a false mark).
Sūtra 3.1.19 (Marks of Inference of other Souls)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 3.1 · Verse 3.1.19
यस्माद्विषाणी तस्मादश्वः ॥ ३.१.१६ ॥
yasmādviṣāṇī tasmādaśvaḥ || 3.1.16 ||
And activity and inactivity, observed in one’s own soul, are the marks of (the existence of) other souls.