Book 2 Chapter 2 - Of the Five Bhūtas, Time, and Space
Chapter 2 of Book 2 in the Vaisheshika Sutras from Wisdom Library.
External Reference →Shlokas (37)
+ Add ShlokaSūtra 2.2.1 (Smell may be essential or accidental)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.1
पुष्पवस्त्रयोः सति सन्निकर्षे गुणान्तराप्रादुर्भावो वस्त्रे गन्धाभावलिङ्गम् ॥ २.२.१ ॥
puṣpavastrayoḥ sati sannikarṣe guṇāntarāprādurbhāvo vastre gandhābhāvaliṅgam || 2.2.1 ||
The non-production (of the smell which is perceived in the cloth), after or during its contact with a flower, from the Attribute (of the constitutive cause of the cloth), is the mark of the non-existence of smell in the cloth.
Sūtra 2.2.2 (Smell is essential in Earth)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.2
व्यवस्थितः पृथिव्यां गन्धः ॥ २.२.२ ॥
vyavasthitaḥ pṛthivyāṃ gandhaḥ || 2.2.2 ||
Smell is established in Earth.
Sūtra 2.2.3 (Heat may be essential or accidental)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.3
एतेनोष्णता व्याख्याता ॥ २.२.३ ॥
etenoṣṇatā vyākhyātā || 2.2.3 ||
By this hotness is explained.
Sūtra 2.2.4 (Heat is essential in Fire)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.4
तेजस उष्णता ॥ २.२.४ ॥
tejasa uṣṇatā || 2.2.4 ||
Hotness (is the charateristic) of Fire.—83.
Sūtra 2.2.5 (Coldness is essential in Water)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.5
अप्सु शीतता ॥ २.२.५ ॥
apsu śītatā || 2.2.5 ||
Coldness (is the characteristic) of Water.
Sūtra 2.2.6 (Marks of Time)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.6
अपरस्मिन्नपरं युगपत् चिरं क्षिप्रमिति काललिङ्गानि ॥ २.२.६ ॥
aparasminnaparaṃ yugapat ciraṃ kṣipramiti kālaliṅgāni || 2.2.6 ||
‘Posterior’ in respect of that which is posterior, ‘simultaneous’, ‘slow,’ ‘quick,’—Such (cognitions) are the marks of Time.—85.
Sūtra 2.2.7 (Like Air, Time is a substance, and is eternal)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.7
द्रव्यत्व नित्यत्वे वायुना व्याख्याते ॥ २.२.७ ॥
dravyatva nityatve vāyunā vyākhyāte || 2.2.7 ||
The Substance-ness and eternality (of Time) are explained by (the explanation of the Substance-ness and eternality of) Air.
Sūtra 2.2.8 (Like Existence, Time is one)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.8
तत्त्वम्भावेन ॥ २.२.८ ॥
tattvambhāvena || 2.2.8 ||
The unity (of Time is explained), by (the explanation of the unity of) Existence.
Sūtra 2.2.9 (Time, a cause of non-eternal Substances)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.9
नित्योष्वभावादनित्येषु भावात् कारणे कालाख्येति ॥ २.२.९ ॥
nityoṣvabhāvādanityeṣu bhāvāt kāraṇe kālākhyeti || 2.2.9 ||
The name Time is applicable to a cause, inasmuch as it does not exist in eternal substances and exists in non-eternal substances.
Sūtra 2.2.10 (Mark of Space)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.10
इत इदमिति यतस्तद्दिश्यं लिङ्गम् ॥ २.२.१० ॥
ita idamiti yatastaddiśyaṃ liṅgam || 2.2.10 ||
That which gives rise to such (cognition and usage) as “This (is remote, etc.) from this,”—(the same is) the mark of Space.
Sūtra 2.2.11 (Like Air, Space is a Substance, and is eternal)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.11
द्रव्यत्व नित्यत्वे वायुना व्याख्याते ॥ २.२.११ ॥
dravyatva nityatve vāyunā vyākhyāte || 2.2.11 ||
The substanceness and eternality (of Space are) explained by (the explanation of the Substance-ness and eternality of) Air.
Sūtra 2.2.12 (Like Existence, Space is one)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.12
तत्त्वम्भावेन ॥ २.२.१२ ॥
tattvambhāvena || 2.2.12 ||
The unity (of space is explained) by (the explanation of the unity of) Existence.
Sūtra 2.2.13 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.13
कार्यविशेषेण नानात्वम् ॥ २.२.१३ ॥
kāryaviśeṣeṇa nānātvam || 2.2.13 ||
The diversity (of Space) is due to the difference of effect—92.
Sūtra 2.2.14 (Directions explained)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.14
आदित्यसंयोगात् भूतपूर्वात् भविष्यतो भूताच्च प्राची ॥ २.२.१४ ॥
ādityasaṃyogāt bhūtapūrvāt bhaviṣyato bhūtācca prācī || 2.2.14 ||
(The direction comes to be regarded as) the east, from the past, future, or present conjunction of the sun—93.
Sūtra 2.2.15 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.15
तथा दक्षिणा प्रतीची उदीची च ॥ २.२.१५ ॥
tathā dakṣiṇā pratīcī udīcī ca || 2.2.15 ||
South, West, and North also are similarly (distinguished).
Sūtra 2.2.16 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.16
एतेन दिगन्तरालानि व्याख्यातानि ॥ २.२.१६ ॥
etena digantarālāni vyākhyātāni || 2.2.16 ||
By this, the intervals of direction are explained.
Sūtra 2.2.17 (Causes of Doubt or Disbelief)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.17
सामान्यप्रत्यक्षाद्विशेषस्मृतेश्च संशयः ॥ २.२.१७ ॥
sāmānyapratyakṣādviśeṣasmṛteśca saṃśayaḥ || 2.2.17 ||
Doubt arises from the perception of (the object containing) the general property, the non-perception of the differentia, and the recollection of the alternatives, all at once or in one act of thought.
Sūtra 2.2.18 (Causes of Doubt or Disbelief—continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.18
दृष्टञ्च दृष्टवत् ॥ २.२.१८ ॥
dṛṣṭañca dṛṣṭavat || 2.2.18 ||
And that which is seen, resembles that which was seen—(this also is the source of Doubt.)—97.
Sūtra 2.2.19 (Causes of Doubt or Disbelief—continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.19
यथादृष्टमयथादृष्टत्वाच्च ॥ २.२.१९ ॥
yathādṛṣṭamayathādṛṣṭatvācca || 2.2.19 ||
(Doubt also arises), where that which has been seen in one form, is seen in a different form.
Sūtra 2.2.20 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.20
विद्याविद्यातश्च संशयः ॥ २.२.२० ॥
vidyāvidyātaśca saṃśayaḥ || 2.2.20 ||
Doubt (arises) also from science and nescience.
Sūtra 2.2.21 (Sound—what?)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.21
श्रोत्रग्रहणो योर्ऽथः स शब्दः ॥ २.२.२१ ॥
śrotragrahaṇo yor'thaḥ sa śabdaḥ || 2.2.21 ||
Sound is that object of which the organ of apprehension is the Ear.
Sūtra 2.2.22 (Causes of Doubt with respect to Sound)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.22
तुल्यजातीयेष्वर्थान्तरभूतेषु विशेषस्य उभयथा दृष्टत्वात् ॥ २.२.२२ ॥
tulyajātīyeṣvarthāntarabhūteṣu viśeṣasya ubhayathā dṛṣṭatvāt || 2.2.22 ||
(Doubt arises in respect of Sound), because its difference is observed both in (from) homogeneous objects and in (from) heterogeneous objects.
Sūtra 2.2.23 (Sound not a Substance)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.23
एकद्रव्यत्वान्न द्रव्यम् ॥ २.२.२३ ॥
ekadravyatvānna dravyam || 2.2.23 ||
(Sound) is not a Substance, since it resides in one Substance only.
Sūtra 2.2.24 (Nor an Action)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.24
नापि कर्माचाक्षुषत्वात् ॥ २.२.२४ ॥
nāpi karmācākṣuṣatvāt || 2.2.24 ||
Nor (is Sound) an Action, because it is not an object of visual perception.
Sūtra 2.2.25 (Sound is transient, and not eternal)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.25
गुणस्य सतो ऽपवर्गः कर्मभिः साधर्म्यम् ॥ २.२.२५ ॥
guṇasya sato 'pavargaḥ karmabhiḥ sādharmyam || 2.2.25 ||
The resemblance (of Sound), although it is an Attribute, with Actions, consists in its speedy destruction.
Sūtra 2.2.26 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.26
सतो लिङ्गाभावात् ॥ २.२.२६ ॥
sato liṅgābhāvāt || 2.2.26 ||
(Sound does not exist before utterance), because there is no mark of (Sound as) evistent (before utterance).
Sūtra 2.2.27 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.27
नित्यवैधर्म्यात् ॥ २.२.२७ ॥
nityavaidharmyāt || 2.2.27 ||
(Sound is not something which only requires to be brought to light), because it differs in property from what is-eternal.
Sūtra 2.2.28 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.28
अनित्यश्चायं कारणतः ॥ २.२.२८ ॥
anityaścāyaṃ kāraṇataḥ || 2.2.28 ||
And Sound is non-eternal, (because it is observed to be produced) by a cause.
Sūtra 2.2.29 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.29
ज चासिद्धं विकारात् ॥ २.२.२९ ॥
ja cāsiddhaṃ vikārāt || 2.2.29 ||
Nor is (the dependence of Sound upon a cause) disproved by its modifications.
Sūtra 2.2.30 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.30
अभिव्यक्तौ दोषात् ॥ २.२.३० ॥
abhivyaktau doṣāt || 2.2.30 ||
(Sound is not eternal), because the theory that it requires to be revealed only, will entail a defect.
Sūtra 2.2.31 (Above continued—Production of Sound)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.31
संयोगाद्विभागाच्च शब्दाच्च शब्दनिष्पत्तिः ॥ २.२.३१ ॥
saṃyogādvibhāgācca śabdācca śabdaniṣpattiḥ || 2.2.31 ||
Sound is produced from Conjunction, from Disjunction, and from Sound also.
Sūtra 2.2.32 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.32
लिङ्गाच्चानित्यः शब्दः ॥ २.२.३२ ॥
liṅgāccānityaḥ śabdaḥ || 2.2.32 ||
Sound is non-eternal, also because of its mark.
Sūtra 2.2.33 (Arguments for the eternality of Sound)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.33
प्रथमाशब्दात् ॥ २.२.३४ ॥
prathamāśabdāt || 2.2.34 ||
(Sound is eternal), because (otherwise) the occupations of both (the teacher and the pupil) will vanish out of existence.
Sūtra 2.2.34 (Arguments for the eternality of Sound—continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.34
प्रथमाशब्दात् ॥ २.२.३४ ॥
prathamāśabdāt || 2.2.34 ||
From the word, ‘the-first,’ (it follows that Sound is eternal).
Sūtra 2.2.35 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.35
सम्प्रतिपत्तिभावाच्च ॥ २.२.३५ ॥
sampratipattibhāvācca || 2.2.35 ||
(The eternality of Sound follows), also from the possibility of recognition.
Sūtra 2.2.36 (The same refuted)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.36
सन्दिग्धाः सति बहुत्वे ॥ २.२.३६ ॥
sandigdhāḥ sati bahutve || 2.2.36 ||
Plurality (of Sound) existing, (these arguments are) inconclusive.
Sūtra 2.2.37 (Counter objection stated and answered)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.2 · Verse 2.2.37
संख्याभावः सामान्यतः ॥ २.२.३७ ॥
saṃkhyābhāvaḥ sāmānyataḥ || 2.2.37 ||
The existence of number (in Sound) is with reference to the Genus.