Book 2 Chapter 1 - Of Earth, Waters, Fire, Air, and Ether
Chapter 1 of Book 2 in the Vaisheshika Sutras from Wisdom Library.
External Reference →Shlokas (31)
+ Add ShlokaSūtra 2.1.1 (Characteristics of Earth)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.1
रूपरसगन्धस्पर्शवती पृथिवी ॥ २.१.१ ॥
rūparasagandhasparśavatī pṛthivī || 2.1.1 ||
Earth possesses Colour, Taste, Smell, and Touch.
Sūtra 2.1.2 (Characteristics of Water)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.2
रूपरसगन्धस्पर्शवती पृथिवी ॥ २.१.१ ॥
rūparasasparśavatya āpo dravāḥ snigdhāḥ || 2.1.2 ||
Waters possess Colour, Taste, and Touch, and are fluid and viscid.
Sūtra 2.1.3 (Characteristics of Fire)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.3
तेजो रूपस्पर्शवत् ॥ २.१.३ ॥
tejo rūpasparśavat || 2.1.3 ||
Fire possesses colour and Touch.
Sūtra 2.1.4 (Characteristic of Air)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.4
स्पर्शवान् वायुः ॥ २.१.४ ॥
sparśavān vāyuḥ || 2.1.4 ||
Air possesses Touch.
Sūtra 2.1.5 (The above characteristics do not belong to Ether)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.5
त आकाशे न विद्यन्ते ॥ २.१.५ ॥
ta ākāśe na vidyante || 2.1.5 ||
These (characteristics) arc not in Ether.
Sūtra 2.1.6 (Objection to Fluidity being a characteristic of Water, answered)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.6
सर्पिर्जतुमधूच्छिष्टानां अग्निसंयोगाद्द्रवत्वमद्भिः सामान्यम् ॥ २.१.६ ॥
sarpirjatumadhūcchiṣṭānāṃ agnisaṃyogāddravatvamadbhiḥ sāmānyam || 2.1.6 ||
The Fluidity of clarified butter, lac, and wax, through conjunction with Light is similar to that of Water.
Sūtra 2.1.7 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.7
त्रपुसीस लोह रजत सुवर्णानामग्निसंयोगाद्द्रवत्वमद्भिः सामान्यम् ॥ २.१.७ ॥
trapusīsa loha rajata suvarṇānāmagnisaṃyogāddravatvamadbhiḥ sāmānyam || 2.1.7 ||
The Fluidity of tin, lead, iron, Silver, and gold, through conjunction with Fire, constitutes their similarity to Water,—55.
Sūtra 2.1.8 (Use of Inference)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.8
विषाणी ककुद्मान् प्रान्तेवालधिः सास्नावान् इति गोत्वे दृष्टं लिङ्गम् ॥ २.१.८ ॥
viṣāṇī kakudmān prāntevāladhiḥ sāsnāvān iti gotve dṛṣṭaṃ liṅgam || 2.1.8 ||
That it has horns, a hump, a tail hairy at the extremity, and a dewlap—such is the admitted mark of being a cow.
Sūtra 2.1.9 (Touch infers Air)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.9
स्पर्शश्च वायोः ॥ २.१.९ ॥
sparśaśca vāyoḥ || 2.1.9 ||
And Touch (is a mark) of Air.
Sūtra 2.1.10 (Touch which infers Air, cannot be explained by visible objects)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.10
न च दृष्टानां स्पर्श इत्यदृष्टलिङ्गो वायुः ॥ २.१.१० ॥
na ca dṛṣṭānāṃ sparśa ityadṛṣṭaliṅgo vāyuḥ || 2.1.10 ||
or seen. Sparśaḥ , touch. Iti, hence. A-dṛṣṭa - liṅgaḥ , not-containing-the-mark-of-the-visible. Vāyuḥ , air.
Sūtra 2.1.11 (Air is a Substance)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.11
अद्रव्यवत्त्वेन द्रव्यम् ॥ २.१.११ ॥
adravyavattvena dravyam || 2.1.11 ||
Air is a Substance, because it does not contain or reside in Substance.
Sūtra 2.1.12 (Air is a Substance,—continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.12
क्रियावत्त्वात् गुणवत्त्वाच्च ॥ २.१.१२ ॥
kriyāvattvāt guṇavattvācca || 2.1.12 ||
(Air is a substance), also because it possesses Action and Attribute.
Sūtra 2.1.13 (Air is eternal)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.13
अद्रव्यत्वेन नित्यत्वमुक्तम् ॥ २.१.१३ ॥
adravyatvena nityatvamuktam || 2.1.13 ||
The eternality (of Air) is evident from its not combining with other Substances.
Sūtra 2.1.14 (Air is manifold)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.14
वायोर्वायुसंमूर्छनं नानात्वलिङ्गम् ॥ २.१.१४ ॥
vāyorvāyusaṃmūrchanaṃ nānātvaliṅgam || 2.1.14 ||
The collision of Air with Air is the mark of its plurality.
Sūtra 2.1.15 (No visible mark of Air)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.15
वायुसन्निकर्षे प्रत्यक्षाभावात् दृष्टं लिङ्गं न विद्यते ॥ २.१.१५ ॥
vāyusannikarṣe pratyakṣābhāvāt dṛṣṭaṃ liṅgaṃ na vidyate || 2.1.15 ||
There being no preception of the association ( i.e ., universal relation) with Air, there is no visible mark (of the existence of Air).
Sūtra 2.1.16 (Air is inferred not as such but as a Substance in general)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.16
सामान्यतो दृष्टाच्चाविशेषः ॥ २.१.१६ ॥
sāmānyato dṛṣṭāccāviśeṣaḥ || 2.1.16 ||
And, by inference by analogy, (Air is proved) not as a particular substance, (but as Substance only).
Sūtra 2.1.17 (The name Air is derived from Scripture)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.17
तस्मादागमिकम् ॥ २.१.१७ ॥
tasmādāgamikam || 2.1.17 ||
Therefore the name, Air, is proved by the Veda.
Sūtra 2.1.18 (Existence of God)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.18
संज्ञाकर्म त्वस्मद्विशिष्टानां लिङ्गम् ॥ २.१.१८ ॥
saṃjñākarma tvasmadviśiṣṭānāṃ liṅgam || 2.1.18 ||
But name and effect arc the mark (of the existence) of beings distinguished from ourselves.
Sūtra 2.1.19 (Existence of God.—continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.19
प्रत्यक्षप्रवृत्तत्वात् संज्ञाकर्मणः ॥ २.१.१९ ॥
pratyakṣapravṛttatvāt saṃjñākarmaṇaḥ || 2.1.19 ||
Because name and effect follow from perception.
Sūtra 2.1.20 (Marks of Ether, according to Sāṅkhya philosophy)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.20
निष्क्रमणं प्रवेशनमित्याकाशस्य लिङ्गम् ॥ २.१.२० ॥
niṣkramaṇaṃ praveśanamityākāśasya liṅgam || 2.1.20 ||
Egress and Ingress—such is the mark (of the existence) of Ether.
Sūtra 2.1.21 (The above are no marks)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.21
तदलिङ्गमेकद्रव्यत्वात् कर्मणः ॥ २.१.२१ ॥
tadaliṅgamekadravyatvāt karmaṇaḥ || 2.1.21 ||
That is no mark, as an Action has but one Substance (as its combinative cause).
Sūtra 2.1.22 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.22
कारणान्तरानुकॢप्ति वैधर्म्याच्च ॥ २.१.२२ ॥
kāraṇāntarānukḷpti vaidharmyācca || 2.1.22 ||
And also because they differ in property from the characteristic of another ( i.e ., the non-combinative) cause.
Sūtra 2.1.23 (The above are no marks—continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.23
संयोगादभावः कर्मणः ॥ २.१.२३ ॥
saṃyogādabhāvaḥ karmaṇaḥ || 2.1.23 ||
Action is not produced on account of Conjunction.
Sūtra 2.1.24 (Inference of Ether by Sound)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.24
कारणगुणपूर्वकः कार्यगुणो दृष्टः ॥ २.१.२४ ॥
kāraṇaguṇapūrvakaḥ kāryaguṇo dṛṣṭaḥ || 2.1.24 ||
The Attribute of the effect is soon to be preceded by the Attribute of the cause.
Sūtra 2.1.25 (Sound not an Attribute of tangible things)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.25
कार्यान्तराप्रादुर्भावाच्च शब्दः स्पर्शवतामगुणः ॥ २.१.२५ ॥
kāryāntarāprādurbhāvācca śabdaḥ sparśavatāmaguṇaḥ || 2.1.25 ||
Sound is not an Attribute of things possessing Touch, because of the non-appearance of (similar) other effects.
Sūtra 2.1.26 (Nor of Soul, nor of Mind)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.26
परत्र समवायात् प्रत्यक्षत्वाच्च नात्मगुणो न मनोगुणः ॥ २.१.२६ ॥
paratra samavāyāt pratyakṣatvācca nātmaguṇo na manoguṇaḥ || 2.1.26 ||
Because it combines with other objects, and because it is an object of sense-perception, therefore sound is neither an Attribute of Soul nor an Attribute of Mind.
Sūtra 2.1.27 (Therefore of Ether)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.27
परिशेषाल्लिङ्गमाकाशस्य ॥ २.१.२७ ॥
pariśeṣālliṅgamākāśasya || 2.1.27 ||
By the method of exhaustion (Sound) is the mark of Ether.
Sūtra 2.1.28 (Ether is a substance, and is eternal)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.28
द्रव्यत्वनित्यत्वे वायुना व्याख्याते ॥ २.१.२८ ॥
dravyatvanityatve vāyunā vyākhyāte || 2.1.28 ||
The Substance-ness and eternality of Ether have been explained by (the explanation of the Substance-ness and eternality of) Air.
Sūtra 2.1.29 (Ether is one)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.29
तत्त्वम्भावेन ॥ २.१.२९ ॥
tattvambhāvena || 2.1.29 ||
The unity (of Ether is explained) by (the explanation of the unity of) Existence.
Sūtra 2.1.30 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.30
शब्दालिङ्गाविशेषाद्विशेषलिङ्गाभावाच्च ॥ २.१.३० ॥
śabdāliṅgāviśeṣādviśeṣaliṅgābhāvācca || 2.1.30 ||
(Ether is one), because there is no difference in Sound which is its mark, and because there exists no other distingushing mark.
Sūtra 2.1.31 (Individuality of Ether)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 2.1 · Verse 2.1.31
तदनुविधानादेकपृथक्त्वञ्चेति ॥ २.१.३१ ॥
tadanuvidhānādekapṛthaktvañceti || 2.1.31 ||
And individuality also belongs to Ether, since individuality follows unity.