Book 1 Chapter 1 - Of Substance, Attribute, and Action
Chapter 1 of Book 1 in the Vaisheshika Sutras from Wisdom Library.
External Reference →Shlokas (30)
+ Add ShlokaSūtra 1.1.1 (Dharma is to be explained)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.1
अथातो धर्मं व्याख्यास्यामः ॥ १.१.१ ॥
athāto dharmaṃ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ || 1.1.1 ||
Now, therefore, we shall explain Dharma .
Sūtra 1.1.2 (Definition of Dharma)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.2
यतोऽभ्युदयनिःश्रेयससिद्धिः स धर्मः ॥ १.१.२ ॥
yato'bhyudayaniḥśreyasasiddhiḥ sa dharmaḥ || 1.1.2 ||
Dharma (is) that from which (results) the accomplishment of Exaltation and of the Supreme Good.
Sūtra 1.1.3 (Authority of the Veda)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.3
तद्वचनादाम्नायस्य प्रामाण्यम् ॥ १.१.३ ॥
tadvacanādāmnāyasya prāmāṇyam || 1.1.3 ||
The authoritativeness of the Veda (arises from its) being the Word of God [or being an exposition of dharma ].
Sūtra 1.1.4 (Knowledge of Predicates)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.4
धर्मविशेष प्रसूतात् द्रव्यगुणकर्मसामान्य विशेषसमवायानां पदार्थानां साधर्म्यवैधर्म्याभ्यां तत्त्वज्ञानान्निःश्रेयसम् ॥ १.१.४ ॥
dharmaviśeṣa prasūtāt dravyaguṇakarmasāmānya viśeṣasamavāyānāṃ padārthānāṃ sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṃ tattvajñānānniḥśreyasam || 1.1.4 ||
The Supreme Good (results) from the knowledge, produced by a particular dharma , of the essence of the Predicables, Substance, Attribute, Action, Genus, Species, and Combination, by means of their resemblances and differences.
Sūtra 1.1.5 (Enumeration of Substances)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.5
पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि ॥ १.१.५ ॥
pṛthivyāpastejo vāyurākāśaṃ kālo digātmā mana iti dravyāṇi || 1.1.5 ||
Earth, Water, Fire, Air, Ether, Time, Space, Self, and Mind (are) the only Substances.
Sūtra 1.1.6 (Enumeration of Attributes)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.6
रुपरसगन्धस्पर्शाः संख्याः परिमाणानि पृथक्त्वं संयोगविभागौ परत्वापरत्वे बुद्धयः सुखदुःखे इच्छाद्वेषौ प्रयत्नाश्च गुणाः ॥ १.१.६ ॥
ruparasagandhasparśāḥ saṃkhyāḥ parimāṇāni pṛthaktvaṃ saṃyogavibhāgau paratvāparatve buddhayaḥ sukhaduḥkhe icchādveṣau prayatnāśca guṇāḥ || 1.1.6 ||
Attributes are Colour, Taste, Smell, and Touch, Numbers, Measures, Separateness, Conjunction and Disjunction, Priority and Posteriority, Understandings, Pleasure and Pain, Desire and Aversion, and Volitions.
Sūtra 1.1.7 (Enumeration of Actions)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.7
उत्क्षेपणमवक्षेपणं आकुञ्चनं प्रसारणं गमनमिति कर्माणि ॥ १.१.७ ॥
utkṣepaṇamavakṣepaṇaṃ ākuñcanaṃ prasāraṇaṃ gamanamiti karmāṇi || 1.1.7 ||
Throwing upwards, Throwing downwards, Contraction Expansion, and Motion are Actions.
Sūtra 1.1.8 (Resemblances of Substance, Attribute, and Action)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.8
सदनित्यं द्रव्यवत् कार्यं कारणं सामान्यविशेषवदिति द्रव्यगुणकर्मणामविशेषः ॥ १.१.८ ॥
sadanityaṃ dravyavat kāryaṃ kāraṇaṃ sāmānyaviśeṣavaditi dravyaguṇakarmaṇāmaviśeṣaḥ || 1.1.8 ||
The Resemblance of Substance, Attribute, and Action lies in this that they are existent and non-eternal, have Substance as their combinative cause, are effect as well as cause, and are both Genus and Species.
Sūtra 1.1.9 (Resemblance of Substance and Attribute)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.9
द्रव्यगुणयोः सजातीयारम्भकत्वं साधर्म्यम् ॥ १.१.९ ॥
dravyaguṇayoḥ sajātīyārambhakatvaṃ sādharmyam || 1.1.9 ||
The Resemblance of Substance and Attribute is the characteristic of being the originators of their congeners.
Sūtra 1.1.10 (Exeplanation of the foregoing aphorism)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.10
द्रव्याणि द्रव्यान्तरमारभन्ते गुणाश्च गुणान्तरम् ॥ १.१.१० ॥
dravyāṇi dravyāntaramārabhante guṇāśca guṇāntaram || 1.1.10 ||
Substances originate another Substance, and Attributes another.Attribute,—10.
Sūtra 1.1.11 (Actions do not originate Actions)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.11
कर्म कर्मसाध्यं न विद्यते ॥ १.१.११ ॥
karma karmasādhyaṃ na vidyate || 1.1.11 ||
Action, producible by Action, is not known.
Sūtra 1.1.12 (Difference of Substance from Attribute and Action)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.12
न द्रव्यं कारणं च भवति ॥ १.१.१२ ॥
na dravyaṃ kāraṇaṃ ca bhavati || 1.1.12 ||
Substance is not annihilated either by effect or by cause.
Sūtra 1.1.13 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.13
उभयथा गुणाः ॥ १.१.१३ ॥
ubhayathā guṇāḥ || 1.1.13 ||
Attributes (are destroyed) in both ways.
Sūtra 1.1.14 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.14
कार्यविरोधि कर्म ॥ १.१.१४ ॥
kāryavirodhi karma || 1.1.14 ||
Action is opposed by its effect.
Sūtra 1.1.15 (Characteristics of Substance)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.15
क्रियागुणवत् समवायिकारणमिति द्रव्यलक्षणम् ॥ १.१.१५ ॥
kriyāguṇavat samavāyikāraṇamiti dravyalakṣaṇam || 1.1.15 ||
It possesses Action and Attribute, it is a combinative cause—such (is) the mark of Substance.
Sūtra 1.1.16 (Characteristics of Attribute)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.16
द्रव्याश्रय्यगुणवान् संयोगविभागेष्वकारणमनपेक्ष इति गुणलक्षणम् ॥ १.१.१६ ॥
dravyāśrayyaguṇavān saṃyogavibhāgeṣvakāraṇamanapekṣa iti guṇalakṣaṇam || 1.1.16 ||
Inhering in Substance, not possessing Attribute, not an independent cause in Conjunctions and Disjunctions,—such is the mark of Attribute.
Sūtra 1.1.17 (Characteristics of Action)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.17
एकद्रव्यमगुणं संयोगविभागेष्वनपेक्ष कारणमिति कर्मलक्षणम् ॥ १.१.१७ ॥
ekadravyamaguṇaṃ saṃyogavibhāgeṣvanapekṣa kāraṇamiti karmalakṣaṇam || 1.1.17 ||
Residing in one Substance only, not possessing Attribute, an independent cause of Conjunctions and Disjunctions—such is the mark, of Action—17.
Sūtra 1.1.18 (Resemblance of Substance, Attribute, and Action)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.18
द्रव्यगुणकर्मणां द्रव्यं कारणं सामान्यम् ॥ १.१.१८ ॥
dravyaguṇakarmaṇāṃ dravyaṃ kāraṇaṃ sāmānyam || 1.1.18 ||
Substance is the one and the same cause of Substance, Attribute, and Action.
Sūtra 1.1.19 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.19
तथा गुणः ॥ १.१.१९ ॥
tathā guṇaḥ || 1.1.19 ||
Similarly Attribute (is the common cause of Substance, Attribute, and Action).
Sūtra 1.1.20 (Effects of Action)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.20
संयोगविभागवेगानां कर्म समानम् ॥ १.१.२० ॥
saṃyogavibhāgavegānāṃ karma samānam || 1.1.20 ||
Action is the common cause of Conjunction, Disjunction, and Impetus.
Sūtra 1.1.21 (Difference between Substance and Action)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.21
न द्रव्याणां कर्म ॥ १.१.२१ ॥
na dravyāṇāṃ karma || 1.1.21 ||
Action is not the cause of Substances.
Sūtra 1.1.22 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.22
व्यतिरेकात् ॥ १.१.२२ ॥
vyatirekāt || 1.1.22 ||
(Action is not the cause of Substance) because of its cessation.
Sūtra 1.1.23 (Difference between Substance and Action)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.23
द्रव्याणां द्रव्यं कार्यं सामान्यम् ॥ १.१.२३ ॥
dravyāṇāṃ dravyaṃ kāryaṃ sāmānyam || 1.1.23 ||
A single Substance may be the common effect of more than one Substance.
Sūtra 1.1.24 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.24
गुणवैधर्म्यान्न कर्मणां कर्म ॥ १.१.२४ ॥
guṇavaidharmyānna karmaṇāṃ karma || 1.1.24 ||
Action is not the joint effect of many Actions, on account of the difference of their Attributes.
Sūtra 1.1.25 (Difference between Attribute and Action)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.25
द्वित्वप्रभृतयः संख्याः पृथक्त्व संयोग विभागाश्च ॥ १.१.२५ ॥
dvitvaprabhṛtayaḥ saṃkhyāḥ pṛthaktva saṃyoga vibhāgāśca || 1.1.25 ||
Duality and other Numbers, Separateness, Conjunction, and Disjunction (are originated by more than one Substance).
Sūtra 1.1.26 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.26
अन्यत्रान्त्येभ्यो विशेषेभ्यः ॥ १.१.२६ ॥
anyatrāntyebhyo viśeṣebhyaḥ || 1.1.26 ||
Action which is the joint result (of an aggregate of two or more substances,) is not known, as it is not found in combination with them.
Sūtra 1.1.27 (Resemblance Of Substance, Attribute And Action)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.27
रूपाणां रूपम् ॥ १.१.२८ ॥
rūpāṇāṃ rūpam || 1.1.28 ||
Colour (is the joint effect) of many colours.
Sūtra 1.1.29 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.29
गुरुत्वप्रयत्नसंयोगानामुत्क्षेपणम् ॥ १.१.२९ ॥
gurutvaprayatnasaṃyogānāmutkṣepaṇam || 1.1.29 ||
Throwing upwards (is the joint product) of Gravity, Volition, and Conjunction.
Sūtra 1.1.30 (Causality of Action upheld)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.30
संयोगविभागाश्च कर्मणाम् ॥ १.१.३० ॥
saṃyogavibhāgāśca karmaṇām || 1.1.30 ||
Conjunctions and Disjunctions also (are individually the products) of Actions.
Sūtra 1.1.31 (Above continued)
WisdomLib.org (Nandalal Sinha, 1923) · Chapter Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1 · Verse 1.1.31
कारणसामान्ये द्रव्यकर्मणां कर्माकारणमुक्तम् ॥ १.१.३१ ॥
kāraṇasāmānye dravyakarmaṇāṃ karmākāraṇamuktam || 1.1.31 ||
Under the topic of causes in general, Action has been stated to be not a cause of Substances and Actions.