Now the list of sounds.

Now the nine at the beginning are simple vowels.

Two and two , short and long , are similar.

Not so , when a protracted vowel precedes.

The sixteen at the beginning are vowels.

The rest are consonants.

The first twenty-five are mutes.

The next four are semivowels.

The next six are spirants.

Of the mutes , the successive fives are the series.

And are called first , second , third , fourth , and last.

The spirants , visarjanīya , and the first and second mutes , are surd.

But not h.

The rest of the consonants are sonant.

ā , pra , ava , upa , abhi , adhi , prati , pari , vi , ni --- these are prepositions.

A sound followed by kāra is the name of that sound.

But with an a interposed , in the case of the consonants.

Not of visarjanīya , jihvāmūlīya , upadhmānīya , anusvāra , and the nāsikyas.

Of r , however , epha forms the name.

The short vowel , with varṇa after it , is the name of the three vowels.

An a forms the names of consonants.

As also , of a cited word.

aḥ makes the names of an increment , or of an element suffering alteration or elision.

Or the simple citation.

In case of doubt , citation is made of the next.

Even of more than one.

A first mute , followed by the word "series ," is the name of the series.

am makes the name of a product of alteration.

By preceding is meant preceding.

By following is meant succeeding.

r̥ and ḷ are short.

Also a.

Also any vowel having the same quantity with the latter.

Also anusvāra.

An element of twice that quantity is long.

An element of three times that quantity is protracted.

A consonant has half the quantity of a short vowel.

A syllable uttered in a high tone is acute.

In a low tone , grave.

Their combination is circumflex.

Of this circumflex , in case it imeediately follows an acute , the first part , to the extent of half a short vowel , is uttered in a yet higher tone.

The remainder has the same tone with acute.

Along with the consonant , too.

Or the part following is uttered in a lower tone.

Or in the same tone with grave.

Its beginning is the same with acute ; its remainder is the same with grave : so say the teachers.

It is all a slide , say some.

A separable word is treated like separete words , except in an enumeration.

Of such a word , the former member is called avagraha.

In citations of a word , that word is to be understood.

But that word , even when phonetically altered.

And even when preceded by a.

And when preceded by an.

A single sound composing a word is called apr̥kta.

And is treated both as initial and as final.

Alteration and omission are of a single sound.

Omission is complete loss.

Continued implication is of that which was last.

An upabandha , however , is for that particular passage , and of constant effect.

Also a cause belonging to another word , in the case of a pragraha or of a word containing anusvāra.

A repeated passage , of three or more words , is as already established.