Chapter 10
अध्यायः 10
Viśveśvara Saṃhitā, Chapter 10
Shlokas (40)
+ Add ShlokaVishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 1
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 1
ब्रह्मविष्णू ऊचतुः । सर्गादिपंचकृत्यस्य लक्षणं ब्रूहि नौ प्रभो । शिव उवाच । मत्कृत्यबोधनं गुह्यं कृपया प्रब्रवीमि वाम् १ ।
brahmaviSNU UcatuH । sargAdipaMcakRtyasya lakSaNaM brUhi nau prabho । ziva uvAca । matkRtyabodhanaM guhyaM kRpayA prabravImi vAm 1 ।
Brahmā and Viṣṇu said: O Lord, please tell us the characteristic feature of the five-fold duties beginning with creation.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 2
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 2
सृष्टिः स्थितिश्च संहारस्तिरोभावोऽप्यनुग्रहः । पंचैव मे जगत्कृत्यं नित्यसिद्धमजाच्युतौ २ ।
sRSTiH sthitizca saMhArastirobhAvo'pyanugrahaH । paMcaiva me jagatkRtyaM nityasiddhamajAcyutau 2 ।
Śiva said: I shall tell you the great secret of the five-fold duties, out of compassion for you. O Brahmā and Viṣṇu, the permanent cycle of the five-fold duties consists of creation, maintenance, annihilation, concealment, and blessing.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 3
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 3
सर्गः संसारसंरंभस्तत्प्रतिष्ठा स्थितिर्मता । संहारो मर्दनं तस्य तिरोभावस्तदुत्क्रमः ३ ।
sargaH saMsArasaMraMbhastatpratiSThA sthitirmatA । saMhAro mardanaM tasya tirobhAvastadutkramaH 3 ।
Sarga is the creation of the world; Sthiti is its maintenance; Saṃhāra is the annihilation; Tirobhāva is the removal and concealment.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 4
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 4
तन्मोक्षोऽनुग्रहस्तन्मे कृत्यमेवं हि पंचकम् । कृत्यमेतद्वहत्यन्यस्तूष्णीं गोपुरबिंबवत् ४ ।
tanmokSo'nugrahastanme kRtyamevaM hi paMcakam । kRtyametadvahatyanyastUSNIM gopurabiMbavat 4 ।
Liberation (from the cycle of birth and death) is blessing. These five are my activities but are carried on by others silently as in the case of the statue at the Portal.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 5
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 5
सर्गादि यच्चतुष्कृत्यं संसारपरिजृंभणम् । पंचमं मुक्तिहेतुर्वै नित्यं मयि च सुस्थिरम् ५ ।
sargAdi yaccatuSkRtyaM saMsAraparijRMbhaNam । paMcamaM muktiheturvai nityaM mayi ca susthiram 5 ।
The first four activities concern the evolution of the world and the fifth one is the cause of salvation. All these constitute my prerogatives.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 6
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 6
तदिदं पंचभूतेषु दृश्यते मामकैर्जनैः । सृष्टिर्भूमौ स्थितिस्तोये संहारः पावके तथा ६ ।
tadidaM paMcabhUteSu dRzyate mAmakairjanaiH । sRSTirbhUmau sthitistoye saMhAraH pAvake tathA 6 ।
These activities are observed in the five elements by devotees—Sarga (creation) in the Earth, Sthiti (maintenance) in the waters, Saṃhāra (annihilation) in the fire, Tirobhāva (concealment) in the wind and Anugraha (liberation, the blessed state) in the firmament.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 7
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 7
तिरोभावोऽनिले तद्वदनुग्रह इहाम्बरे । सृज्यते धरया सर्वमद्भिः सर्वं प्रवर्द्धते ७ ।
tirobhAvo'nile tadvadanugraha ihAmbare । sRjyate dharayA sarvamadbhiH sarvaM pravarddhate 7 ।
Everything is created by the Earth; everything flourishes by virtue of the waters.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 8
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 8
अर्द्यते तेजसा सर्वं वायुना चापनीयते । व्योम्नानुगृह्यते सर्वं ज्ञेयमेवं हि सूरिभिः ८ ।
ardyate tejasA sarvaM vAyunA cApanIyate । vyomnAnugRhyate sarvaM jJeyamevaM hi sUribhiH 8 ।
Everything is urged by the fire, everything is removed by the wind and everything is blessed by the firmament. Thus intelligent men must know the same.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 9
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 9
पंचकृत्यमिदं वोढुं ममास्ति मुखपंचकम् । चतुर्दिक्षु चतुर्वक्त्रं तन्मध्ये पंचमं मुखम् ९ ।
paMcakRtyamidaM voDhuM mamAsti mukhapaMcakam । caturdikSu caturvaktraM tanmadhye paMcamaM mukham 9 ।
In order to look after these five-fold activities (pañcakṛtya) I have five faces, four in the four quarters and the fifth in the middle.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 10
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 10
युवाभ्यां तपसा लब्धमेतत्कृत्यद्वयं सुतौ । सृष्टिस्थित्यभिधं भाग्यं मत्तः प्रीतादतिप्रियम् 1-10-१० ।
yuvAbhyAM tapasA labdhametatkRtyadvayaM sutau । sRSTisthityabhidhaM bhAgyaM mattaH prItAdatipriyam 1-10-10 ।
O sons, in view of your austerities you two have received the first two activities:—creation and maintenance. You have gratified me and are blessed therefore.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 11
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 11
तथा रुद्र महेशाभ्यामन्यत्कृत्यद्वयं परम् । अनुग्रहाख्यं केनापि लब्धुं नैव हि शक्यते ११ ।
tathA rudra mahezAbhyAmanyatkRtyadvayaM param । anugrahAkhyaM kenApi labdhuM naiva hi zakyate 11 ।
Similarly, the other two activities (annihilation and concealment) have been assigned to Rudra and Maheśa. The fifth one of Anugraha (liberation) cannot be taken up by any other.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 12
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 12
तत्सर्वं पौर्विकं कर्म युवाभ्यां कालविस्मृतम् । न तद्रुद्र महेशाभ्यां विस्मृतं कर्म तादृशम् १२ ।
tatsarvaM paurvikaM karma yuvAbhyAM kAlavismRtam । na tadrudra mahezAbhyAM vismRtaM karma tAdRzam 12 ।
All this previous arrangement has been forgotten by both of you due to lapse of time, not so by Rudra and Maheśa.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 13
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 13
रूपे वेशे च कृत्ये च वाहने चासने तथा । आयुधादौ च मत्साम्यमस्माभिस्तत्कृते कृतम् १३ ।
rUpe veze ca kRtye ca vAhane cAsane tathA । AyudhAdau ca matsAmyamasmAbhistatkRte kRtam 13 ।
I have assigned them my equality in form, dress, activity, vehicle, seat, weapons etc.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 14
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 14
मद्ध्यानविरहाद्वत्सौ मौढ्यं वामेवमागतम् । मज्ज्ञाने सति नैवं स्यान्मानं रूपे महेशवत् १४ ।
maddhyAnavirahAdvatsau mauDhyaM vAmevamAgatam । majjJAne sati naivaM syAnmAnaM rUpe mahezavat 14 ।
O dear sons, your delusion was the result of your not meditating upon me. If you had retained my knowledge you would not have embibed this false pride of being Maheśa yourselves.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 15
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 15
तस्मान्मज्ज्ञानसिद्ध्यर्थं मंत्रमॐकारनामकम् । इतः परं प्रजपतं मामकं मानभंजनम् १५ ।
tasmAnmajjJAnasiddhyarthaM maMtramaOMkAranAmakam । itaH paraM prajapataM mAmakaM mAnabhaMjanam 15 ।
Hence, hereafter, both of you shall start reciting the mantra Oṃkāra to acquire knowledge of me. It shall quell your false pride as well.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 16
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 16
उपादिशं निजं मंत्रमॐकारमुरुमंगलम् । ॐकारो मन्मुखाज्जज्ञे प्रथमं मत्प्रबोधकः १६ ।
upAdizaM nijaM maMtramaOMkAramurumaMgalam । OMkAro manmukhAjjajJe prathamaM matprabodhakaH 16 ।
I have taught this great auspicious mantra. Oṃkāra came out of my mouth. Originally it indicated me.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 17
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 17
वाचकोऽयमहं वाच्यो मंत्रोऽयं हि मदात्मकः । तदनुस्मरणं नित्यं ममानुस्मरणं भवेत् १७ ।
vAcako'yamahaM vAcyo maMtro'yaM hi madAtmakaH । tadanusmaraNaM nityaM mamAnusmaraNaM bhavet 17 ।
It is the indicator and I am the indicated. This mantra is identical with me. The repetition of this mantra is verily my repeated remembrance.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 18
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 18
अकार उत्तरात्पूर्वमुकारः पश्चिमाननात् । मकारो दक्षिणमुखाद्बिंदुः प्राण्मुखतस्तथा १८ ।
akAra uttarAtpUrvamukAraH pazcimAnanAt । makAro dakSiNamukhAdbiMduH prANmukhatastathA 18 ।
The syllable “A” came first from northern face; the syllable “U” from the western; the syllable “M” from the southern and the Bindu (dot) from the eastern face.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 19
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 19
नादो मध्यमुखादेवं पंचधाऽसौ विजृंभितः । एकीभूतः पुनस्तद्वदोमित्येकाक्षरो भवेत् १९ ।
nAdo madhyamukhAdevaM paMcadhA'sau vijRMbhitaH । ekIbhUtaH punastadvadomityekAkSaro bhavet 19 ।
The Nāda (mystical sound) came from the middle face. Thus the complete set cropped up in five-fold form. Then all of them united in the syllable of “Om”.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 20
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 20
नामरूपात्मकं सर्वं वेदभूतकुलद्वयम् । व्याप्तमेतेन मंत्रेण शिवशक्त्योश्च बोधकः 1-10-२० ।
nAmarUpAtmakaM sarvaM vedabhUtakuladvayam । vyAptametena maMtreNa zivazaktyozca bodhakaH 1-10-20 ।
The two sets of created beings—Nāma (name) and Rūpa (form) are pervaded by this mantra. It indicates Śiva and Śakti.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 21
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 21
अस्मात्पंचाक्षरं जज्ञे बोधकं सकलस्यतत् । आकारादिक्रमेणैव नकारादियथाक्रमम् २१ ।
asmAtpaMcAkSaraM jajJe bodhakaM sakalasyatat । AkArAdikrameNaiva nakArAdiyathAkramam 21 ।
From this also is born the five-syllabled mantra (Namaśśivāya). It indicates all knowledge. The syllables “NA” etc. follow the order of the syllables “A” etc.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 22
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 22
अस्मात्पंचाक्षराज्जाता मातृकाः पंचभेदतः । तस्माच्छिरश्चतुर्वक्त्रात्त्रिपाद्गाय त्रिरेव हि २२ ।
asmAtpaMcAkSarAjjAtA mAtRkAH paMcabhedataH । tasmAcchirazcaturvaktrAttripAdgAya trireva hi 22 ।
From the five-syllabled mantra the five mothers were born. The Śiromantra is born of that. The three-footed Gāyatrī also came out of the four faces.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 23
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 23
वेदः सर्वस्ततो जज्ञे ततो वै मंत्रकोटयः । तत्तन्मंत्रेण तत्सिद्धिः सर्वसिद्धिरितो भवेत् २३ ।
vedaH sarvastato jajJe tato vai maMtrakoTayaH । tattanmaMtreNa tatsiddhiH sarvasiddhirito bhavet 23 ।
The entire set of Vedas and crores of mantras were born of that. Different things are achieved through different mantras but everything is achieved through Oṃkāra alone.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 24
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 24
अनेन मंत्रकंदेन भोगो मोक्षश्च सिद्ध्यति । सकला मंत्रराजानः साक्षाद्भोगप्रदाः शुभाः २४ ।
anena maMtrakaMdena bhogo mokSazca siddhyati । sakalA maMtrarAjAnaH sAkSAdbhogapradAH zubhAH 24 ।
By this root-mantra, the very enjoyment as well as salvation is achieved. All the royal mantras are auspicious and directly accord enjoyment.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 25
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 25
नंदिकेश्वर उवाच । पुनस्तयोस्तत्र तिरः पटं गुरुः प्रकल्प्य मंत्रं च समादिशत्परम् । निधाय तच्छीर्ष्णि करांबुजं शनैरुदण्मुखं संस्थितयोः सहांबिकः २५ ।
naMdikezvara uvAca । punastayostatra tiraH paTaM guruH prakalpya maMtraM ca samAdizatparam । nidhAya tacchIrSNi karAMbujaM zanairudaNmukhaM saMsthitayoH sahAMbikaH 25 ।
Nandikeśvara said: The lord in the company of his consort Ambikā, assumed the role of the preceptor for both of them. He screened them and placed his lotus-like hand on their heads as they faced the north and slowly taught them the great mantra.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 26
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 26
त्रिरुच्चार्याग्रहीन्मंत्रं यंत्रतंत्रोक्तिपूर्वकम् । शिष्यौ च तौ दक्षिणायामात्मानं च समर्पयत् २६ ।
triruccAryAgrahInmaMtraM yaMtrataMtroktipUrvakam । ziSyau ca tau dakSiNAyAmAtmAnaM ca samarpayat 26 ।
The two disciples received the mantra by repeating it thrice, along with the requisite Yantra and Tantra duly expounded. By way of fees, the disciples dedicated themselves.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 27
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 27
प्रबद्धहस्तौ किल तौ तदंतिके तमेव देवं जगतुर्जगद्गुरुम् २७ ।
prabaddhahastau kila tau tadaMtike tameva devaM jagaturjagadgurum 27 ।
Thereafter standing near him with hands clasped in reverence they addressed the lord, the preceptor of the universe.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 28
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 28
ब्रह्माच्युतावूचतुः । नमो निष्कलरूपाय नमो निष्कलतेजसे । नमः सकलनाथाय नमस्ते सकलात्मने २८ ।
brahmAcyutAvUcatuH । namo niSkalarUpAya namo niSkalatejase । namaH sakalanAthAya namaste sakalAtmane 28 ।
Brahmā and Viṣṇu said: (The prayer):Obeisance to Thee of the bodiless form. Obeisance to Thee of the formless lustre. Obeisance to Thee the lord of everything. Obeisance to Thee the soul of everything or of the embodied form.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 29
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 29
नमः प्रणववाच्याय नमः प्रणवलिंगिने । नमः सृष्ट्यादिकर्त्रे च नमः पंचमुखायते २९ ।
namaH praNavavAcyAya namaH praNavaliMgine । namaH sRSTyAdikartre ca namaH paMcamukhAyate 29 ।
Obeisance to Thee stated by the Praṇava. Obeisance to Thee having Praṇava as Thy symbol. Obeisance to Thee the author of creation etc. Obeisance to Thee of five faces.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 30
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 30
पंचब्रह्मस्वरूपाय पंच कृत्यायते नमः । आत्मने ब्रह्मणे तुभ्यमनंतगुणशक्तये 1-10-३० ।
paMcabrahmasvarUpAya paMca kRtyAyate namaH । Atmane brahmaNe tubhyamanaMtaguNazaktaye 1-10-30 ।
Obeisance to Thee identical with Pañcabrahma form. Obeisance to Thee of five-fold functions. Obeisance to Thee the Ātman, the Brahman, of endless attributes and power.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 31
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 31
सकलाकलरूपाय शंभवे गुरवे नमः । इति स्तुत्वा गुरुं पद्यैर्ब्रह्मा विष्णुश्च नेमतुः ३१ ।
sakalAkalarUpAya zaMbhave gurave namaH । iti stutvA guruM padyairbrahmA viSNuzca nematuH 31 ।
Obeisance to Śiva the preceptor, possessed of both embodied and bodiless forms.” After eulogising the preceptor in verses Brahmā and Viṣṇu bowed to him.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 32
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 32
ईश्वर उवाच । वत्सकौ सर्वतत्त्वं च कथितं दर्शितं च वाम् ।जपतं प्रणवं मंत्रं देवीदिष्टं मदात्मकम् ३२ ।
Izvara uvAca । vatsakau sarvatattvaM ca kathitaM darzitaM ca vAm ।japataM praNavaM maMtraM devIdiSTaM madAtmakam 32 ।
Īśvara said: O dear sons, the truthful extract of everything has been narrated to you with demonstration. You shall recite as directed by the Goddess this Om mantra which is identical with me.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 33
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 33
ज्ञानं च सुस्थिरं भाग्यं सर्वं भवति शाश्वतम् । आद्रा र्यां! च चतुर्दश्यां तज्जाप्यं त्वक्षयं भवेत् ३३ ।
jJAnaM ca susthiraM bhAgyaM sarvaM bhavati zAzvatam । AdrA ryAM! ca caturdazyAM tajjApyaM tvakSayaM bhavet 33 ।
Your knowledge shall be stabilised. Permanent fortune shall stand by you. On the Caturdaśī day and on the day with Ārdrā star, the recital of this mantra will give you everlasting efficacy.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 34
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 34
सूर्यगत्या महाद्रा र्या!मेकं कोटिगुणं भवेत् । मृगशीर्षांतिमो भागः पुनर्वस्वादिमस्तथा ३४ ।
sUryagatyA mahAdrA ryA!mekaM koTiguNaM bhavet । mRgazIrSAMtimo bhAgaH punarvasvAdimastathA 34 ।
he recital of this mantra at the time when the transit of the sun is in the Ārdrā star is million-fold efficacious. In the context of worship, Homa and Tarpaṇa, the last quarter of the star Mṛgaśiras and the first quarter of Punarvasu must always be considered on a par with Ārdrā.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 35
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 35
आद्रा र्स!मः सदा ज्ञेयः पूजाहोमादितर्पणे । दर्शनं तु प्रभाते च प्रातःसंगवकालयोः ३५ ।
AdrA rsa!maH sadA jJeyaH pUjAhomAditarpaNe । darzanaM tu prabhAte ca prAtaHsaMgavakAlayoH 35 ।
The Vision is to be had at early dawn and within three muhūrtas (two hours twenty-four minutes) thereafter.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 36
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 36
चतुर्दशी तथा ग्राह्या निशीथव्यापिनी भवेत् । प्रदोषव्यापिनी चैव परयुक्ता प्रशस्यते ३६ ।
caturdazI tathA grAhyA nizIthavyApinI bhavet । pradoSavyApinI caiva parayuktA prazasyate 36 ।
Caturdaśī is to be taken when it continues up to midnight. If it is only upto the early part of the night and joined with another thereafter, it is also recommended.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 37
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 37
लिंगं बेरं च मेतुल्यं यजतां लिंगमुत्तमम् । तस्माल्लिंगं परं पूज्यं बेरादपि मुमुक्षुभिः ३७ ।
liMgaM beraM ca metulyaM yajatAM liMgamuttamam । tasmAlliMgaM paraM pUjyaM berAdapi mumukSubhiH 37 ।
Although I consider the phallic and the embodied form to be equal, the phallic form is excellent for those who worship. Hence for those who seek salvation the latter is preferable to the former.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 38
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 38
लिंगमॐकारमंत्रेण बेरं पंचाक्षरेण तु । स्वयमेव हि सद्द्रव्यैः प्रतिष्ठाप्यं परैरपि ३८ ।
liMgamaOMkAramaMtreNa beraM paMcAkSareNa tu । svayameva hi saddravyaiH pratiSThApyaM parairapi 38 ।
The others too shall install the phallic form with Oṃkāra mantra and the embodied form with the five-syllabled mantra, with excellent articles of worship and adore with due homage.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 39
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 39
पूजयेदुपचारैश्च मत्पदं सुलभं भवेत् । इति शास्य तथा शिष्यौ तत्रैवांऽतर्हितः शिवः ३९ ।
pUjayedupacAraizca matpadaM sulabhaM bhavet । iti zAsya tathA ziSyau tatraivAM'tarhitaH zivaH 39 ।
It will be easy for them to attain my region. Having thus instructed His disciples Śiva vanished there itself.
Vishweshwara-samhita - Chapter 10 - Verse 40
Shiva Purana (siva.sh) · Chapter 10 · Verse 40
इति श्रीशिवमहापुराणे विद्येश्वरसंहितायां दशमोऽध्यायः १० ।
iti zrIzivamahApurANe vidyezvarasaMhitAyAM dazamo'dhyAyaH 10 ।
Thus ends the 10th Chapter of the Vidyēśvarasaṃhitā in the Śrī Śivamahāpurāṇa.